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  "caveats": [
    "Single machine and disk: one hardware sample, not the network average.",
    "A -reindex is not live validation (no gossip/relay/parallel validation).",
    "Early eras include reindex startup and coins-cache flush overhead; treat the first era as anomalous and read RELATIVE movement across eras.",
    "UpdateTip timestamps are second-granular.",
    "Measured node-side cost \u2014 the cost side of the SCCR/VCI thesis, otherwise modelled."
  ]
}