{
  "schema": "bsahi.seed-census/1",
  "layer": "observed",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-17T17:38:56.745556+00:00",
  "method": "tools/research/seed_census.py \u2014 resolve Bitcoin's DNS seeds (A/AAAA) and log the address set",
  "source": "Bitcoin Core DNS seeds (hardcoded bootstrap list)",
  "latest": {
    "schema": "bsahi.seed-census/1",
    "layer": "observed",
    "at": "2026-09-17T17:38:56.745556+00:00",
    "seeds": 8,
    "per_seed": {
      "seed.bitcoin.sipa.be": [
        "100.63.238.171",
        "104.182.241.47",
        "111.97.97.98",
        "139.162.170.136",
        "15.161.168.23",
        "172.104.249.214",
        "172.114.180.206",
        "172.232.27.43",
        "172.234.18.166",
        "198.16.196.238",
        "2001:1bc0:c1::2000",
        "2001:4060:4419:8001::42",
        "2001:470:1f08:4db::2",
        "2001:470:1f1b:5a6:216:3eff:fe24:1162",
        "2001:470:7:809::2",
        "2001:550:af00:7:0:1:aff9:18",
        "2001:67c:1254:d2:6b9c::1",
        "2001:e68:542c:1c3a:7270:fcff:fe05:3cd",
        "2001:f40:90f:1e58:29b3:ace4:25d:a275",
        "205.206.252.251",
        "213.220.157.127",
        "2600:1900:4020:9476:0:1::",
        "2600:1900:4181:5c:0:1::",
        "2600:6c58:6600:3feb:6ef0:e5f:4eee:64a7",
        "2a01:4f9:c01f:e013::1",
        "2a02:810d:2403:800:6e1f:f7ff:fe75:d3fc",
        "3.136.178.225",
        "34.123.213.165",
        "34.125.77.92",
        "34.83.21.121",
        "35.200.48.92",
        "45.33.1.134",
        "5.61.52.189",
        "80.3.122.62",
        "81.213.76.246",
        "85.195.208.187",
        "86.126.150.140",
        "90.63.77.252",
        "95.189.130.210"
      ],
      "dnsseed.bluematt.me": [
        "103.228.171.171",
        "103.47.203.40",
        "104.250.145.186",
        "118.33.172.212",
        "153.92.37.8",
        "169.0.135.19",
        "169.58.64.70",
        "185.100.87.52",
        "192.99.15.159",
        "194.156.188.249",
        "195.254.247.244",
        "2001:4060:c005:39d0:a1d2:9498:d615:346b",
        "2405:6582:de0:4400:1c26:cad8:844d:92de",
        "2408:8234:616:74df:652a:ae52:bb3a:11b7",
        "2602:4b:a485:4300::1",
        "2605:a601:90ea:7500::ae",
        "2804:448:68:419c:8de1:3f68:b011:8ebd",
        "2804:d4b:a9d7:6200:3c9e:309b:9dc7:6aab",
        "2a02:1210:6026:ac00:f194:b908:c1bd:8528",
        "2a02:3102:9d0c:1b80:f0ff:353c:c046:411b",
        "2a02:ba0:10a8:26e8:680:c829:cc36:81b7",
        "31.47.202.112",
        "75.156.111.155",
        "77.37.102.187",
        "77.54.8.157",
        "80.190.74.33",
        "83.29.50.19",
        "86.127.254.44",
        "87.78.44.45",
        "95.123.29.73",
        "95.168.171.66"
      ],
      "seed.bitcoin.jonasschnelli.ch": [
        "109.242.62.164",
        "113.57.49.170",
        "167.237.53.127",
        "169.155.45.180",
        "172.234.249.245",
        "173.177.104.19",
        "179.27.215.90",
        "185.238.207.147",
        "2001:0:4137:9e76:145f:32c3:2ee1:6a8c",
        "2001:0:4137:9e76:348d:2110:b29c:dc22",
        "2001:0:4137:9e76:3c11:ea2:e032:d7d2",
        "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:1062:15d:51f9:b889",
        "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:20b0:3d81:276e:6d54",
        "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:2408:1ca7:9725:b8f2",
        "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:3c1c:2c9c:5d97:2a0d",
        "2001:0:5ef5:79fd:89f:bf79:68ef:23c3",
        "2001:0:9d38:6abd:3ce3:106d:a598:e9fb",
        "207.244.243.96",
        "24.2.232.29",
        "2600:1900:41d1:344::",
        "2a01:4f8:2220:122f::2",
        "2a01:4f8:231:2390::2",
        "2a02:810d:2403:800:6e1f:f7ff:fe75:d3fc",
        "34.65.249.230",
        "35.236.139.246",
        "39.110.6.19",
        "45.13.214.55",
        "5.39.221.184",
        "62.240.156.154",
        "73.109.120.193",
        "73.54.29.7",
        "74.208.115.6",
        "82.213.229.144",
        "84.216.177.34",
        "89.169.26.145",
        "90.22.219.88",
        "98.121.233.200"
      ],
      "seed.btc.petertodd.net": [
        "165.23.26.44",
        "172.105.244.183",
        "172.236.20.212",
        "172.236.241.26",
        "178.64.52.107",
        "18.102.136.143",
        "181.84.0.97",
        "2.137.217.94",
        "2001:470:1f08:1ab::2",
        "2001:470:28:116d::2",
        "2001:56a:f4fd:d500:4732:a04c:d591:2077",
        "2001:5a8:4164:7a00:be60:b5aa:22f0:d1cb",
        "2001:678:68c:fffb::195",
        "2001:861:3400:2e20:587e:55ff:fed2:ee63",
        "2001:871:64:839a:ad4:cff:fe77:a114",
        "2001:b07:6474:51d8:6156:84e7:397a:a847",
        "2001:b07:6474:51d8:8fc:a1ad:bcf7:6773",
        "2001:b07:aa7:f93a:cc8e:dc04:8fc6:c36c",
        "2001:f40:908:8955:4418:f222:35cc:50d1",
        "2600:1900:4170:851e::",
        "2602:fc16:2:7c9::da68",
        "34.106.114.222",
        "34.125.112.156",
        "34.82.27.114",
        "37.204.171.82",
        "45.130.58.202",
        "45.33.1.39",
        "5.9.124.171",
        "68.183.244.12",
        "73.15.160.252",
        "76.137.241.219",
        "82.218.255.105",
        "83.218.166.133",
        "87.127.96.102",
        "89.176.107.31",
        "91.5.163.126",
        "98.121.233.200"
      ],
      "seed.bitcoin.sprovoost.nl": [
        "1.65.178.41",
        "13.140.28.116",
        "13.43.158.168",
        "142.162.136.205",
        "172.105.175.172",
        "173.177.104.19",
        "178.218.94.39",
        "184.107.149.90",
        "189.212.121.74",
        "2001:470:26:317:35ad:4527:cb22:2860",
        "2001:470:28:116d::2",
        "2001:470:b44d:1ff:dea6:32ff:fe40:a8b4",
        "2001:470:d:99d:1c34:5022:ce52:9ee6",
        "2001:5a8:4164:7a00:be60:b5aa:22f0:d1cb",
        "2001:5a8:6110:b600::7840",
        "203.11.72.53",
        "213.222.167.115",
        "23.120.10.160",
        "23.245.136.142",
        "2406:da11:169:b00:db72:a301:8a7e:6cbc",
        "2406:da12:ce1:f000:c21f:1629:4494:c05f",
        "2406:da12:ce1:f000:c42:dd91:c54:fd09",
        "2406:da1a:5b2:ea00:310c:97c6:d3b9:44ac",
        "2603:1030:c04::22",
        "2800:300:6b51:9950::4",
        "2a00:1f:6e83:6a01:8714:773:20b7:5a42",
        "3.76.11.206",
        "43.202.209.174",
        "5.13.104.1",
        "65.21.93.21",
        "67.217.8.120",
        "81.132.103.199",
        "82.136.98.249",
        "86.138.187.215",
        "88.16.221.101",
        "91.115.214.39"
      ],
      "dnsseed.emzy.de": [
        "107.206.254.47",
        "116.202.214.143",
        "123.243.159.11",
        "139.162.185.200",
        "139.177.179.152",
        "142.179.70.240",
        "170.39.173.129",
        "172.104.247.77",
        "172.232.62.217",
        "172.233.244.185",
        "172.235.63.48",
        "178.118.88.156",
        "188.63.47.92",
        "2001:4060:c005:39d0:3c95:5417:1e82:8152",
        "2001:41d0:700:5899::",
        "2001:56a:f4fd:d500:1df7:9cb2:11f0:3912",
        "221.198.232.61",
        "2600:1701:41c:ae80::15",
        "2600:1900:4010:454:0:1::",
        "2a01:4f8:1c0c:809a::1",
        "2a01:4f8:1c1a:a731::1",
        "2a01:4f9:2b:2a6d::2",
        "2a01:4f9:2b:2e12::2",
        "2a01:4f9:c01f:e0a2::1",
        "2a02:c207:2335:6948::1",
        "2a02:c207:3018:9098::1",
        "2a03:b0c0:3:f0::2cc5:2001",
        "2a05:d01c:672:9200:7b31:b5fb:617c:5a6a",
        "34.82.210.229",
        "35.185.180.184",
        "35.221.96.183",
        "38.41.214.100",
        "46.4.92.21",
        "68.199.240.97",
        "74.135.85.54",
        "77.33.117.221",
        "78.23.140.219",
        "81.53.158.110",
        "82.66.56.176",
        "92.148.116.20"
      ],
      "seed.bitcoin.wiz.biz": [
        "1.120.0.117",
        "104.195.232.36",
        "116.251.173.92",
        "136.52.32.152",
        "139.99.148.48",
        "140.177.101.202",
        "146.148.120.238",
        "152.243.146.138",
        "161.129.68.26",
        "173.235.239.153",
        "178.142.91.140",
        "193.116.67.64",
        "2001:4060:c005:39d0:a903:9b56:24af:98f4",
        "2001:fb1:df:463e:3436:abfb:c00:473c",
        "2600:1f14:40e:e300:5e5a:ac0:4486:f9d7",
        "2601:b01c:ff:f300::4ae",
        "2603:808e:a40:24a:493:2c8c:4b9a:11f2",
        "2603:900b:e400:1df:a4f6:b383:8161:5524",
        "2605:a144:2345:2767::1",
        "2804:d4b:a9d7:6200:f5aa:c0b2:6916:85a5",
        "2a02:908:5a8:67e0:b54c:cf:6579:6ec0",
        "2a02:cb80:42e0:3ed9:b693:7cef:efac:7ed8",
        "31.45.154.143",
        "45.130.84.162",
        "5.39.227.13",
        "66.141.167.34",
        "67.230.150.224",
        "73.9.191.151",
        "77.234.86.176",
        "84.39.77.96",
        "86.249.136.210"
      ],
      "seed.bitcoinstats.com": [
        "100.36.107.112",
        "103.28.160.171",
        "135.135.168.83",
        "136.60.215.123",
        "15.236.9.153",
        "167.237.53.127",
        "172.104.230.163",
        "172.105.16.135",
        "174.166.103.194",
        "178.48.164.144",
        "180.197.81.101",
        "193.74.17.56",
        "216.230.225.42",
        "220.76.164.95",
        "31.209.143.169",
        "32.217.31.151",
        "34.97.142.205",
        "47.183.244.210",
        "52.65.243.205",
        "54.216.207.210",
        "59.20.155.2",
        "62.182.84.108",
        "8.156.79.36",
        "85.195.232.240"
      ]
    },
    "union": [
      "1.120.0.117",
      "1.65.178.41",
      "100.36.107.112",
      "100.63.238.171",
      "103.228.171.171",
      "103.28.160.171",
      "103.47.203.40",
      "104.182.241.47",
      "104.195.232.36",
      "104.250.145.186",
      "107.206.254.47",
      "109.242.62.164",
      "111.97.97.98",
      "113.57.49.170",
      "116.202.214.143",
      "116.251.173.92",
      "118.33.172.212",
      "123.243.159.11",
      "13.140.28.116",
      "13.43.158.168",
      "135.135.168.83",
      "136.52.32.152",
      "136.60.215.123",
      "139.162.170.136",
      "139.162.185.200",
      "139.177.179.152",
      "139.99.148.48",
      "140.177.101.202",
      "142.162.136.205",
      "142.179.70.240",
      "146.148.120.238",
      "15.161.168.23",
      "15.236.9.153",
      "152.243.146.138",
      "153.92.37.8",
      "161.129.68.26",
      "165.23.26.44",
      "167.237.53.127",
      "169.0.135.19",
      "169.155.45.180",
      "169.58.64.70",
      "170.39.173.129",
      "172.104.230.163",
      "172.104.247.77",
      "172.104.249.214",
      "172.105.16.135",
      "172.105.175.172",
      "172.105.244.183",
      "172.114.180.206",
      "172.232.27.43",
      "172.232.62.217",
      "172.233.244.185",
      "172.234.18.166",
      "172.234.249.245",
      "172.235.63.48",
      "172.236.20.212",
      "172.236.241.26",
      "173.177.104.19",
      "173.235.239.153",
      "174.166.103.194",
      "178.118.88.156",
      "178.142.91.140",
      "178.218.94.39",
      "178.48.164.144",
      "178.64.52.107",
      "179.27.215.90",
      "18.102.136.143",
      "180.197.81.101",
      "181.84.0.97",
      "184.107.149.90",
      "185.100.87.52",
      "185.238.207.147",
      "188.63.47.92",
      "189.212.121.74",
      "192.99.15.159",
      "193.116.67.64",
      "193.74.17.56",
      "194.156.188.249",
      "195.254.247.244",
      "198.16.196.238",
      "2.137.217.94",
      "2001:0:4137:9e76:145f:32c3:2ee1:6a8c",
      "2001:0:4137:9e76:348d:2110:b29c:dc22",
      "2001:0:4137:9e76:3c11:ea2:e032:d7d2",
      "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:1062:15d:51f9:b889",
      "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:20b0:3d81:276e:6d54",
      "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:2408:1ca7:9725:b8f2",
      "2001:0:5ef5:79fb:3c1c:2c9c:5d97:2a0d",
      "2001:0:5ef5:79fd:89f:bf79:68ef:23c3",
      "2001:0:9d38:6abd:3ce3:106d:a598:e9fb",
      "2001:1bc0:c1::2000",
      "2001:4060:4419:8001::42",
      "2001:4060:c005:39d0:3c95:5417:1e82:8152",
      "2001:4060:c005:39d0:a1d2:9498:d615:346b",
      "2001:4060:c005:39d0:a903:9b56:24af:98f4",
      "2001:41d0:700:5899::",
      "2001:470:1f08:1ab::2",
      "2001:470:1f08:4db::2",
      "2001:470:1f1b:5a6:216:3eff:fe24:1162",
      "2001:470:26:317:35ad:4527:cb22:2860",
      "2001:470:28:116d::2",
      "2001:470:7:809::2",
      "2001:470:b44d:1ff:dea6:32ff:fe40:a8b4",
      "2001:470:d:99d:1c34:5022:ce52:9ee6",
      "2001:550:af00:7:0:1:aff9:18",
      "2001:56a:f4fd:d500:1df7:9cb2:11f0:3912",
      "2001:56a:f4fd:d500:4732:a04c:d591:2077",
      "2001:5a8:4164:7a00:be60:b5aa:22f0:d1cb",
      "2001:5a8:6110:b600::7840",
      "2001:678:68c:fffb::195",
      "2001:67c:1254:d2:6b9c::1",
      "2001:861:3400:2e20:587e:55ff:fed2:ee63",
      "2001:871:64:839a:ad4:cff:fe77:a114",
      "2001:b07:6474:51d8:6156:84e7:397a:a847",
      "2001:b07:6474:51d8:8fc:a1ad:bcf7:6773",
      "2001:b07:aa7:f93a:cc8e:dc04:8fc6:c36c",
      "2001:e68:542c:1c3a:7270:fcff:fe05:3cd",
      "2001:f40:908:8955:4418:f222:35cc:50d1",
      "2001:f40:90f:1e58:29b3:ace4:25d:a275",
      "2001:fb1:df:463e:3436:abfb:c00:473c",
      "203.11.72.53",
      "205.206.252.251",
      "207.244.243.96",
      "213.220.157.127",
      "213.222.167.115",
      "216.230.225.42",
      "220.76.164.95",
      "221.198.232.61",
      "23.120.10.160",
      "23.245.136.142",
      "24.2.232.29",
      "2405:6582:de0:4400:1c26:cad8:844d:92de",
      "2406:da11:169:b00:db72:a301:8a7e:6cbc",
      "2406:da12:ce1:f000:c21f:1629:4494:c05f",
      "2406:da12:ce1:f000:c42:dd91:c54:fd09",
      "2406:da1a:5b2:ea00:310c:97c6:d3b9:44ac",
      "2408:8234:616:74df:652a:ae52:bb3a:11b7",
      "2600:1701:41c:ae80::15",
      "2600:1900:4010:454:0:1::",
      "2600:1900:4020:9476:0:1::",
      "2600:1900:4170:851e::",
      "2600:1900:4181:5c:0:1::",
      "2600:1900:41d1:344::",
      "2600:1f14:40e:e300:5e5a:ac0:4486:f9d7",
      "2600:6c58:6600:3feb:6ef0:e5f:4eee:64a7",
      "2601:b01c:ff:f300::4ae",
      "2602:4b:a485:4300::1",
      "2602:fc16:2:7c9::da68",
      "2603:1030:c04::22",
      "2603:808e:a40:24a:493:2c8c:4b9a:11f2",
      "2603:900b:e400:1df:a4f6:b383:8161:5524",
      "2605:a144:2345:2767::1",
      "2605:a601:90ea:7500::ae",
      "2800:300:6b51:9950::4",
      "2804:448:68:419c:8de1:3f68:b011:8ebd",
      "2804:d4b:a9d7:6200:3c9e:309b:9dc7:6aab",
      "2804:d4b:a9d7:6200:f5aa:c0b2:6916:85a5",
      "2a00:1f:6e83:6a01:8714:773:20b7:5a42",
      "2a01:4f8:1c0c:809a::1",
      "2a01:4f8:1c1a:a731::1",
      "2a01:4f8:2220:122f::2",
      "2a01:4f8:231:2390::2",
      "2a01:4f9:2b:2a6d::2",
      "2a01:4f9:2b:2e12::2",
      "2a01:4f9:c01f:e013::1",
      "2a01:4f9:c01f:e0a2::1",
      "2a02:1210:6026:ac00:f194:b908:c1bd:8528",
      "2a02:3102:9d0c:1b80:f0ff:353c:c046:411b",
      "2a02:810d:2403:800:6e1f:f7ff:fe75:d3fc",
      "2a02:908:5a8:67e0:b54c:cf:6579:6ec0",
      "2a02:ba0:10a8:26e8:680:c829:cc36:81b7",
      "2a02:c207:2335:6948::1",
      "2a02:c207:3018:9098::1",
      "2a02:cb80:42e0:3ed9:b693:7cef:efac:7ed8",
      "2a03:b0c0:3:f0::2cc5:2001",
      "2a05:d01c:672:9200:7b31:b5fb:617c:5a6a",
      "3.136.178.225",
      "3.76.11.206",
      "31.209.143.169",
      "31.45.154.143",
      "31.47.202.112",
      "32.217.31.151",
      "34.106.114.222",
      "34.123.213.165",
      "34.125.112.156",
      "34.125.77.92",
      "34.65.249.230",
      "34.82.210.229",
      "34.82.27.114",
      "34.83.21.121",
      "34.97.142.205",
      "35.185.180.184",
      "35.200.48.92",
      "35.221.96.183",
      "35.236.139.246",
      "37.204.171.82",
      "38.41.214.100",
      "39.110.6.19",
      "43.202.209.174",
      "45.13.214.55",
      "45.130.58.202",
      "45.130.84.162",
      "45.33.1.134",
      "45.33.1.39",
      "46.4.92.21",
      "47.183.244.210",
      "5.13.104.1",
      "5.39.221.184",
      "5.39.227.13",
      "5.61.52.189",
      "5.9.124.171",
      "52.65.243.205",
      "54.216.207.210",
      "59.20.155.2",
      "62.182.84.108",
      "62.240.156.154",
      "65.21.93.21",
      "66.141.167.34",
      "67.217.8.120",
      "67.230.150.224",
      "68.183.244.12",
      "68.199.240.97",
      "73.109.120.193",
      "73.15.160.252",
      "73.54.29.7",
      "73.9.191.151",
      "74.135.85.54",
      "74.208.115.6",
      "75.156.111.155",
      "76.137.241.219",
      "77.234.86.176",
      "77.33.117.221",
      "77.37.102.187",
      "77.54.8.157",
      "78.23.140.219",
      "8.156.79.36",
      "80.190.74.33",
      "80.3.122.62",
      "81.132.103.199",
      "81.213.76.246",
      "81.53.158.110",
      "82.136.98.249",
      "82.213.229.144",
      "82.218.255.105",
      "82.66.56.176",
      "83.218.166.133",
      "83.29.50.19",
      "84.216.177.34",
      "84.39.77.96",
      "85.195.208.187",
      "85.195.232.240",
      "86.126.150.140",
      "86.127.254.44",
      "86.138.187.215",
      "86.249.136.210",
      "87.127.96.102",
      "87.78.44.45",
      "88.16.221.101",
      "89.169.26.145",
      "89.176.107.31",
      "90.22.219.88",
      "90.63.77.252",
      "91.115.214.39",
      "91.5.163.126",
      "92.148.116.20",
      "95.123.29.73",
      "95.168.171.66",
      "95.189.130.210",
      "98.121.233.200"
    ],
    "union_size": 269
  },
  "samples": 3,
  "history": [
    {
      "at": "2026-09-17T17:28:51.549044+00:00",
      "union_size": 265
    },
    {
      "at": "2026-09-17T17:30:44.362749+00:00",
      "union_size": 264
    },
    {
      "at": "2026-09-17T17:38:56.745556+00:00",
      "union_size": 269
    }
  ],
  "distinct_addresses_ever": 349,
  "persistence": {
    "prev_sample_size": 264,
    "cur_sample_size": 269,
    "persisted": 224,
    "persistence_rate_pct": 84.8,
    "note": "Fraction of the previous sample's addresses still returned now. A low rate is empirical evidence of address-pool churn (dynamic IP rotation / stale entries) \u2014 the 'zombie IP' effect, measured rather than asserted. Levels depend on sampling interval, so compare like-for-like intervals."
  },
  "caveat": "The seeds are one bootstrap view: they return addresses their operator has recently seen, biased toward nodes that query them. This is a third independent view, not a census.",
  "views": {
    "crawler_reachable_nodes": null,
    "node_addrman": "data/node_census.json",
    "dns_seeds": "data/seed_census.json"
  }
}